Vulvar cancer is a rare type of cancer that occurs on the outer surface of the female genitalia, known as the vulva. It most commonly affects the labia but can also develop in the clitoris and vaginal opening. Early detection is crucial for successful treatment.
Vulvar cancer begins when abnormal cells grow uncontrollably in the vulvar tissues. If untreated, these cancerous cells can spread to nearby lymph nodes and other parts of the body.
Affects the outer female genitalia, including the labia, clitoris, and vaginal opening.
Often develops from precancerous conditions like vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN).
More common in postmenopausal women.
Early detection improves treatment success.
Can spread to lymph nodes and other organs if untreated.
The exact cause of vulvar cancer is unknown, but several risk factors increase the likelihood of developing it.
Age – More common in women over 60.
Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Infection – Certain HPV strains increase the risk.
Smoking – Weakens the immune system, making the body vulnerable to infections.
Chronic Vulvar Conditions – Conditions like lichen sclerosus increase risk.
Weakened Immune System – HIV or other immune-compromising conditions make women more susceptible.
History of Cervical or Vaginal Cancer – Previous gynecological cancers raise the risk.
Long-term Skin Irritation – Chronic inflammation can lead to cell changes.
Vulvar cancer symptoms can be subtle in early stages but become more noticeable as the disease progresses.
Persistent itching or burning in the vulva.
A lump, sore, or ulcer that does not heal.
Changes in skin color or thickening of the vulvar skin.
Unusual bleeding or discharge not related to menstruation.
Pain or discomfort, especially during urination or intercourse.
Enlarged lymph nodes in the groin.
There are different types of vulvar cancer, classified based on the cell type involved.
Squamous Cell Carcinoma – The most common type, originating in the skin’s outer layer.
Adenocarcinoma – Develops in the vulvar glands and is less common.
Melanoma – Arises from pigment-producing cells in the vulva.
Basal Cell Carcinoma – A slow-growing type that rarely spreads.
Sarcoma – A rare type that originates in connective tissues.
Early detection improves the chances of successful treatment. Diagnosis involves several tests:
Pelvic Exam – A doctor examines the vulva for abnormal growths.
Biopsy – A small tissue sample is taken and analyzed under a microscope.
Colposcopy – Uses a magnifying instrument to examine the vulvar tissues.
Imaging Tests (CT, MRI, PET scans) – Determine if cancer has spread.
Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy – Checks if cancer has reached nearby lymph nodes.
Treatment depends on the stage, location, and type of cancer.
Surgery
Wide Local Excision – Removes the tumor and some surrounding healthy tissue.
Vulvectomy – Partial or complete removal of the vulva.
Lymph Node Removal – Prevents cancer spread.
Radiation Therapy
Uses high-energy beams to destroy cancer cells.
Often used before surgery to shrink tumors or after surgery to prevent recurrence.
Chemotherapy
Uses drugs to kill cancer cells.
Can be combined with radiation for advanced cases.
Targeted Therapy
Focuses on specific genetic mutations in cancer cells.
Used in cases where standard treatments are ineffective.
Immunotherapy
Helps the immune system recognize and attack cancer cells.
Effective in cases with specific genetic markers.
The survival rate depends on the stage of detection and treatment response.
Localized cancer (early stage) – Over 90% five-year survival rate.
Regional spread (nearby tissues/lymph nodes) – About 50-70% survival rate.
Distant spread (metastatic cancer) – Drops to around 20%.
Stage at diagnosis – Early-stage detection leads to better outcomes.
Type of cancer – Some types are more aggressive than others.
Treatment response – Individual response to therapy varies.
Overall health – Good immune function aids recovery.
Although not entirely preventable, steps can be taken to lower the risk.
HPV Vaccination – Protects against high-risk HPV strains.
Routine Gynecological Exams – Early detection of abnormalities.
Quit Smoking – Reduces risk factors.
Safe Sexual Practices – Reduces HPV exposure.
Managing Chronic Skin Conditions – Treat conditions like lichen sclerosus.
Healthy Diet and Exercise – Boosts overall immune health.
Managing vulvar cancer involves ongoing care and lifestyle adjustments.
Regular follow-ups to monitor recurrence.
Maintaining good hygiene to prevent infections.
Pain management through medications or alternative therapies.
Seeking emotional support from counseling or support groups.
Maintaining a healthy lifestyle with a balanced diet and physical activity.