Uterine cancer is a type of cancer that begins in the uterus, the pear-shaped organ where fetal development occurs during pregnancy. It primarily affects the inner lining of the uterus (endometrium) and is most common in postmenopausal women. Early detection significantly improves treatment outcomes.
Uterine cancer occurs when abnormal cells grow uncontrollably in the uterus. The most common type is endometrial cancer, while the rarer form, uterine sarcoma, develops in the uterine muscles or connective tissues.
Affects the uterus – Primarily the endometrial lining.
Most common in postmenopausal women – But can occur before menopause.
Hormonal influence – Estrogen levels play a crucial role in development.
Obesity, diabetes, and family history increase risk.
Highly treatable when detected early.
Uterine cancer is linked to hormonal imbalances and genetic mutations that cause uncontrolled cell growth.
Age – Most cases occur in women over 50.
Hormone therapy – Estrogen-only therapy increases risk.
Obesity – Higher fat levels lead to increased estrogen production.
Diabetes and hypertension – Metabolic conditions elevate risk.
Family history – A genetic predisposition can contribute.
Lynch syndrome – A hereditary condition that increases the likelihood of uterine and other cancers.
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) – Causes hormonal imbalances that raise risk.
Late menopause or early menstruation – Longer exposure to estrogen increases risk.
Early signs of uterine cancer often involve abnormal bleeding, which should not be ignored.
Abnormal vaginal bleeding – Postmenopausal bleeding, heavy periods, or irregular bleeding.
Pelvic pain or pressure – Discomfort in the lower abdomen.
Pain during intercourse – May indicate uterine abnormalities.
Unexplained weight loss – Can be a sign of advanced disease.
Frequent urination or difficulty urinating – Occurs when the tumor presses on the bladder.
Most common type (90% of uterine cancers).
Develops in the inner lining (endometrium).
Often linked to excess estrogen exposure.
Rare but aggressive form.
Develops in the uterine muscle (myometrium) or connective tissues.
May not be hormone-related and has a higher recurrence rate.
Several tests help confirm uterine cancer and determine its stage.
Pelvic exam – A doctor checks for abnormalities.
Transvaginal ultrasound (TVUS) – Uses sound waves to examine the uterus.
Endometrial biopsy – A sample of uterine lining is analyzed.
Hysteroscopy – A thin camera inspects the uterus for growths.
Dilation and curettage (D&C) – More extensive tissue sampling if biopsy results are unclear.
Imaging tests (MRI, CT, PET scans) – Determine cancer spread.
The choice of treatment depends on cancer type, stage, and overall health.
Hysterectomy – Removal of the uterus (may also include ovaries and fallopian tubes).
Lymph node removal – To check for cancer spread.
High-energy rays destroy cancer cells.
Often used after surgery or when surgery isn’t an option.
Used for hormone-sensitive cancers.
Progestins, aromatase inhibitors, or estrogen blockers may slow tumor growth.
Drugs used to kill rapidly growing cancer cells.
More common in advanced or recurrent uterine cancer.
Used for advanced or specific genetic mutations in cancer cells.
PD-1 inhibitors and monoclonal antibodies may help.
Survival depends on cancer stage and treatment response.
Localized (Stage I) – 80-90% five-year survival rate.
Regional spread (Stage II-III) – 50-70% survival rate.
Distant metastasis (Stage IV) – Less than 20% survival rate.
Early detection – Significantly improves survival chances.
Type of uterine cancer – Endometrial cancers respond better to treatment.
Patient’s overall health – Influences treatment success.
Response to therapy – Some tumors are more resistant to treatment.
While not all cases can be prevented, lifestyle changes and early detection can lower risk.
Maintain a healthy weight – Reduces estrogen production.
Exercise regularly – Helps regulate hormones and metabolism.
Manage diabetes and blood pressure – Lowers metabolic risks.
Consider birth control options – Some forms reduce endometrial cancer risk.
Routine screenings – Regular check-ups detect abnormalities early.
Know your family history – Genetic counseling may be beneficial if there’s a history of Lynch syndrome.
Managing uterine cancer involves physical, emotional, and lifestyle adjustments.
Regular follow-up care – Essential for detecting recurrences.
Balanced nutrition – Helps recovery and supports immunity.
Physical activity – Light exercises improve well-being.
Support groups and counseling – Helps with emotional distress.
Managing treatment side effects – Proper care reduces discomfort.