Urethral cancer is a rare type of cancer that begins in the urethra, the tube that carries urine from the bladder out of the body. It can occur in both men and women and may spread to surrounding tissues, including the bladder, vagina, or lymph nodes. Early diagnosis and treatment improve outcomes.
Urethral cancer develops when abnormal cells grow uncontrollably in the urethra, forming tumors. It can be aggressive and spread quickly to nearby tissues and distant organs.
Affects the urethra – A rare malignancy that impacts the urinary tract.
Different cell types – Can develop from squamous, transitional, or glandular cells.
Often aggressive – Has a high potential to spread if not treated early.
More common in older adults – Typically occurs in individuals over 50.
Linked to chronic inflammation and infections – HPV, recurrent UTIs, and STIs increase risk.
Urethral cancer results from genetic mutations and environmental factors that trigger uncontrolled cell growth.
Age – Most cases occur in people over 50.
Gender – More common in men, but women can also develop it.
Chronic infections – Recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs) and sexually transmitted infections (STIs).
Human papillomavirus (HPV) – Some strains of HPV are linked to urethral cancer.
History of bladder cancer – Increases the likelihood of urethral cancer development.
Smoking – Long-term tobacco use raises cancer risk.
Urethral strictures – Narrowing of the urethra due to scarring or previous infections.
Early-stage urethral cancer may not cause noticeable symptoms. As it progresses, the following signs may appear:
Pain or difficulty urinating – Burning sensation, weak stream, or trouble starting urination.
Blood in urine (hematuria) – May appear as bright red or dark urine.
Frequent urination or incontinence – Sudden urges or inability to control urination.
Lumps or growths in the urethra – Can be felt near the opening of the urethra.
Swelling in the groin area – Indicates possible lymph node involvement.
Discharge from the urethra – Unusual fluid or pus-like discharge.
Urethral cancer is classified based on the type of cells involved:
The most common type, found in the part of the urethra closest to the bladder.
More frequent in women and individuals with chronic infections.
Arises in the urethral lining.
More common in men, particularly in the section passing through the prostate.
Develops in mucus-secreting glands near the urethra.
Less common but can be aggressive.
Several tests are used to diagnose urethral cancer and determine its stage.
Physical examination – A doctor checks for lumps or abnormalities near the urethra.
Urine cytology – Analyzes urine samples for cancer cells.
Cystoscopy – A thin tube with a camera inspects the inside of the urethra and bladder.
Biopsy – A tissue sample is taken for laboratory analysis.
Imaging tests (CT, MRI, PET scans) – Determines the extent of cancer spread.
The choice of treatment depends on the stage, location, and overall health of the patient.
Local excision – Removal of small tumors confined to the urethra.
Cystourethrectomy – Removal of the bladder and urethra in advanced cases.
Pelvic exenteration – Extensive surgery removing multiple organs if cancer has spread.
Uses high-energy rays to destroy cancer cells.
Often used for patients who cannot undergo surgery.
Drug treatment to kill rapidly growing cancer cells.
Used for advanced cases or when cancer has spread.
Helps the immune system recognize and attack cancer cells.
Can be effective in cases with specific genetic markers.
The outlook for urethral cancer depends on the stage at diagnosis and response to treatment.
Localized cancer (early stage) – 60-70% five-year survival rate.
Regional spread (nearby tissues/lymph nodes) – Around 30-50% survival rate.
Distant spread (metastatic cancer) – Less than 15% survival rate.
Stage at diagnosis – Earlier detection improves survival chances.
Type and location – Some urethral cancers are more aggressive than others.
Overall health and age – Younger and healthier individuals respond better to treatment.
Access to specialized care – Early and advanced treatments improve outcomes.
While urethral cancer cannot always be prevented, certain measures can lower the risk.
Practice safe hygiene – Reduces risk of infections linked to urethral cancer.
Routine check-ups – Regular screenings can detect early signs.
HPV vaccination – Prevents infections that contribute to cancer development.
Avoid smoking and tobacco use – Reduces exposure to carcinogens.
Healthy diet – Eating fruits, vegetables, and whole grains supports immune function.
Maintain a healthy weight – Reduces inflammation and hormone-related risks.
Managing urethral cancer requires physical, emotional, and lifestyle adjustments.
Regular follow-up care – Monitoring for recurrence or complications.
Nutritional support – A balanced diet promotes healing and strength.
Physical activity – Light exercise improves energy and well-being.
Support groups and counseling – Helps with emotional challenges.
Managing treatment side effects – Proper care can reduce discomfort from chemotherapy or radiation.