Tongue cancer is a type of oral cancer that develops in the tissues of the tongue. It can occur on the visible part of the tongue (oral tongue cancer) or at the base of the tongue near the throat (oropharyngeal cancer). Tongue cancer typically starts as abnormal cell growth that forms tumors, which can spread to surrounding tissues if left untreated.
Tongue cancer begins when healthy cells in the tongue undergo genetic mutations that cause them to grow uncontrollably. These abnormal cells can form malignant tumors, affecting speech, swallowing, and overall oral function. The exact cause of tongue cancer is not always clear, but risk factors such as tobacco use, excessive alcohol consumption, and human papillomavirus (HPV) infection play significant roles in its development.
Early detection is crucial – Tongue cancer is more treatable when diagnosed in its early stages.
Tobacco and alcohol are major risk factors – Smoking and heavy drinking significantly increase the risk.
HPV is linked to some cases – The human papillomavirus (HPV) is a known risk factor, especially for oropharyngeal tongue cancer.
Treatment depends on the stage – Surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy are common treatments.
Several factors can contribute to the development of tongue cancer:
Tobacco Use – Smoking and chewing tobacco significantly increase the risk.
Heavy Alcohol Consumption – Chronic alcohol use can damage oral tissues, making them susceptible to cancer.
HPV Infection – Human papillomavirus (HPV), especially strain HPV-16, is linked to oropharyngeal tongue cancer.
Poor Oral Hygiene – Lack of oral care can lead to infections and tissue damage, increasing cancer risk.
Family History – A genetic predisposition may contribute to tongue cancer risk.
Chronic Irritation – Ill-fitting dentures or prolonged exposure to harmful substances can damage tongue cells.
Weakened Immune System – People with compromised immune systems are at a higher risk of developing cancer.
Early-stage tongue cancer may be difficult to detect. Common symptoms include:
Persistent sore or ulcer on the tongue that does not heal.
Pain or difficulty swallowing (dysphagia).
Red or white patches on the tongue.
Lump or thickening in the tongue.
Numbness or pain in the mouth or tongue.
Unexplained bleeding from the tongue.
Changes in speech due to tongue movement restriction.
Enlarged lymph nodes in the neck.
If any of these symptoms persist for more than two weeks, a doctor’s evaluation is recommended.
There are different types of tongue cancer, classified based on the cells involved and their location:
Originates in the flat, thin squamous cells lining the tongue.
Can occur on the front or base of the tongue.
A slow-growing, less aggressive form of squamous cell carcinoma.
Rarely spreads to other parts of the body.
Develops from glandular cells in the tongue.
Less common but can be aggressive.
Rare types that originate from lymphatic or connective tissues in the tongue.
Early diagnosis improves treatment outcomes. Diagnostic procedures include:
Physical Examination – A doctor checks for abnormalities in the tongue, mouth, and throat.
Biopsy – A tissue sample is taken from a suspicious lesion and analyzed for cancerous cells.
Imaging Tests – CT scans, MRI, and PET scans help determine the tumor’s size and spread.
Endoscopy – Used to examine deeper parts of the throat and detect cancer spread.
Treatment depends on the stage and location of the cancer:
Partial Glossectomy – Removal of a portion of the tongue.
Total Glossectomy – Complete removal of the tongue in severe cases.
Lymph Node Dissection – Removal of affected lymph nodes if cancer has spread.
Uses high-energy beams to target and destroy cancer cells.
Can be used alone or after surgery to eliminate remaining cancer cells.
Involves powerful drugs that kill or slow cancer cell growth.
Often combined with radiation for advanced stages.
Uses drugs like cetuximab that specifically attack cancer cell proteins.
Helps the immune system recognize and fight cancer cells.
Used for cases resistant to conventional treatments.
Survival rates depend on the stage at diagnosis:
Early-stage (localized) cancer – 5-year survival rate is around 70-80%.
Regional spread (lymph nodes involved) – 5-year survival rate is about 50-60%.
Distant metastasis (spread to other organs) – 5-year survival rate drops to 30% or lower.
Early detection – Improves treatment success.
Tumor location – Base of the tongue cancers are often diagnosed later and are harder to treat.
Patient’s overall health – A strong immune system aids recovery.
While not all cases can be prevented, reducing risk factors can help:
Avoid Tobacco and Alcohol – Reducing or quitting smoking and drinking significantly lowers risk.
HPV Vaccination – Protects against HPV strains linked to tongue cancer.
Maintain Good Oral Hygiene – Regular dental check-ups help detect early signs.
Healthy Diet – Eating fruits and vegetables boosts immunity and reduces cancer risk.
Regular Medical Check-ups – Routine screenings can catch abnormalities early.
Coping with tongue cancer involves physical, emotional, and lifestyle adjustments:
If part of the tongue is removed, speech therapy may be needed.
Swallowing therapy helps patients adjust to changes in eating habits.
Soft or liquid diets may be required after surgery.
Nutritional supplements can help maintain weight and strength.
Pain medications and therapies can improve comfort.
Dry mouth from radiation therapy can be managed with hydration and special mouth rinses.
Support groups and counseling can help cope with the emotional impact.
Family support is crucial during treatment and recovery.
Ongoing medical check-ups help detect recurrence or complications.