Testicular cancer is a rare but highly treatable form of cancer that originates in the testicles, which are part of the male reproductive system. The testicles, located inside the scrotum, are responsible for producing sperm and testosterone. Testicular cancer occurs when abnormal cells in the testicles grow uncontrollably, leading to the formation of a tumor.
Testicular cancer develops when healthy cells in the testicles undergo mutations that cause them to grow and divide abnormally. These cancerous cells can form tumors, invade nearby tissues, and, in some cases, spread (metastasize) to other parts of the body. While testicular cancer can occur at any age, it is most commonly diagnosed in young men between the ages of 15 and 35.
Highly treatable – Even in advanced stages, testicular cancer has a high survival rate.
Common in young men – Most frequently affects men between 15 and 35 years old.
Early detection is crucial – Regular self-examinations can help identify changes in the testicles.
Risk factors exist – Family history, undescended testicles, and genetic conditions may increase risk.
The exact cause of testicular cancer is unknown, but several risk factors have been identified:
Undescended testicles (cryptorchidism) – Males with testicles that have not descended into the scrotum are at higher risk.
Family history – Having a father or brother with testicular cancer increases risk.
Genetic conditions – Conditions like Klinefelter syndrome may predispose individuals to testicular cancer.
Previous testicular cancer – Men who have had cancer in one testicle are at higher risk of developing it in the other.
Age and ethnicity – Most common in young men and more prevalent in Caucasian males.
Exposure to certain chemicals – Industrial chemicals and pesticides may contribute to an increased risk.
Early symptoms of testicular cancer are often subtle and may be mistaken for other conditions. Common symptoms include:
Lump or swelling in the testicle – Often painless but noticeable.
Pain or discomfort in the scrotum – May be dull or sharp.
Feeling of heaviness in the scrotum – Persistent fullness or dragging sensation.
Changes in testicle size or texture – One testicle may become larger or harder.
Breast tenderness or growth (gynecomastia) – Hormonal imbalances caused by the tumor.
Lower back pain, chest pain, or difficulty breathing – May indicate cancer spread (metastasis).
There are two main types of testicular cancer, classified based on the type of cells involved:
Seminomas – Grow slowly and are highly sensitive to radiation therapy.
Non-seminomas – Grow more rapidly and include subtypes like embryonal carcinoma, yolk sac tumor, choriocarcinoma, and teratoma.
Leydig Cell Tumors – Develop in hormone-producing cells of the testicles.
Sertoli Cell Tumors – Rare tumors that originate from supportive tissue in the testicles.
Since testicular cancer is highly treatable, early diagnosis is essential. Diagnostic methods include:
Physical examination – A doctor checks for lumps or abnormalities in the testicles.
Ultrasound – Helps differentiate between benign and malignant tumors.
Blood tests (tumor markers) – Measures levels of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH).
CT scan or MRI – Determines if the cancer has spread to other areas of the body.
Biopsy (rarely done) – Since surgery is the primary diagnostic method, a biopsy is usually unnecessary.
The choice of treatment depends on the type and stage of testicular cancer. The most effective treatment options include:
Radical inguinal orchiectomy – Removal of the affected testicle to prevent cancer spread.
Retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (RPLND) – Removal of lymph nodes if cancer has spread.
Primarily used for seminomas.
Targets and destroys remaining cancer cells after surgery.
Side effects include fatigue, skin irritation, and nausea.
Used for non-seminomas or advanced-stage testicular cancer.
Common drugs: Bleomycin, Etoposide, Cisplatin (BEP regimen).
Side effects include hair loss, nausea, infertility, and fatigue.
For early-stage testicular cancer, doctors may recommend active monitoring rather than immediate treatment.
Regular check-ups, imaging scans, and blood tests help track the disease.
Used in rare cases for aggressive or recurrent testicular cancer.
High-dose chemotherapy followed by stem cell transplantation to restore bone marrow.
Testicular cancer has one of the highest survival rates among cancers, especially when diagnosed early.
Localized cancer (early-stage) – 5-year survival rate is over 95%.
Regional spread (nearby lymph nodes) – 5-year survival rate is around 80-90%.
Distant metastasis (spread to distant organs) – 5-year survival rate drops but remains around 70% with aggressive treatment.
Cancer type – Seminomas generally have better outcomes than non-seminomas.
Stage at diagnosis – Earlier detection leads to better survival rates.
Response to treatment – Some tumors respond better to chemotherapy and radiation.
Patient’s overall health – Strong immune response improves recovery chances.
While testicular cancer cannot always be prevented, certain measures can reduce risk and aid early detection:
Self-examinations – Monthly testicular self-exams help identify changes early.
Avoiding harmful chemicals – Limiting exposure to toxins that may contribute to cancer.
Protecting testicles from injury – Using protective gear during sports.
Seeking medical advice for abnormalities – Any lump, swelling, or pain should be evaluated by a doctor.
Coping with testicular cancer involves emotional, physical, and psychological challenges. However, with the right support, most men lead a fulfilling life after treatment.
Fertility preservation – Before treatment, sperm banking can help preserve fertility.
Hormone replacement therapy – If both testicles are removed, testosterone replacement may be necessary.
Managing side effects – Supportive care for fatigue, nausea, and emotional well-being is essential.
Regular follow-ups – Monitoring for recurrence through regular check-ups and imaging tests.
Emotional and psychological support – Counseling and support groups help with mental well-being.
Healthy lifestyle – A balanced diet, regular exercise, and stress management aid in recovery.