Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC) is a type of cancer that arises from squamous cells, which are flat cells found on the surface of the skin and lining of various organs. SCC is the second most common form of skin cancer but can also occur in other parts of the body, including the lungs, esophagus, bladder, cervix, and mouth. This cancer develops when squamous cells undergo mutations, leading to uncontrolled growth and the potential to invade nearby tissues and spread (metastasize) to distant organs.
SCC is a malignant tumor that originates in the squamous epithelial cells. It typically develops in areas exposed to ultraviolet (UV) radiation, such as the face, neck, arms, and hands, but it can also form in mucosal surfaces like the mouth, throat, and genitals. While SCC is often treatable when detected early, it can become aggressive and life-threatening if left untreated.
Common and potentially aggressive – SCC is one of the most frequently diagnosed cancers worldwide.
Can appear in various organs – It affects the skin, lungs, esophagus, bladder, cervix, and more.
Caused by DNA mutations – Chronic sun exposure, smoking, and viral infections are major risk factors.
Varied treatment approaches – Surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, and targeted therapy may be required depending on the location and severity.
SCC arises from genetic mutations that disrupt normal cell regulation. Several factors increase the risk of developing SCC:
UV Radiation Exposure – Long-term exposure to sunlight or tanning beds.
Smoking and Alcohol Use – Increases risk for SCC in the lungs, throat, and esophagus.
HPV Infection – Associated with cervical and oral SCC.
Chronic Inflammation or Irritation – Persistent irritation in the bladder or esophagus can trigger SCC.
Weakened Immune System – Conditions like HIV/AIDS or organ transplants can raise the risk.
Chemical Exposure – Contact with industrial carcinogens like arsenic and coal tar.
Genetic Factors – Certain inherited conditions may predispose individuals to SCC.
Symptoms vary depending on the tumor’s location but commonly include:
Skin SCC – Red, scaly patches, open sores, or warty growths.
Lung SCC – Persistent cough, chest pain, wheezing, or coughing up blood.
Esophageal SCC – Difficulty swallowing, unintended weight loss, and hoarseness.
Bladder SCC – Blood in urine, frequent urination, and pelvic pain.
Cervical SCC – Abnormal vaginal bleeding, pain during intercourse, and pelvic discomfort.
Oral SCC – White or red patches in the mouth, difficulty chewing, and persistent sore throat.
SCC can develop in different body parts, each presenting unique symptoms and risks. The most common types include:
Affects sun-exposed areas such as the face, scalp, ears, and hands.
Often appears as scaly red patches, open sores, or warty growths.
Can metastasize if not treated promptly.
A major form of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).
Strongly linked to smoking.
Causes persistent cough, chest pain, and breathing difficulties.
Develops in the lining of the esophagus.
Linked to alcohol consumption, smoking, and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).
Symptoms include difficulty swallowing, chest pain, and weight loss.
Affects the bladder lining, often associated with chronic irritation from infections or catheters.
Symptoms include blood in urine, frequent urination, and pelvic pain.
The most common cervical cancer type.
Primarily caused by Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection.
Symptoms include abnormal vaginal bleeding, pelvic pain, and pain during intercourse.
Affects the mouth, tongue, tonsils, and throat.
Linked to tobacco use, alcohol consumption, and HPV infection.
Symptoms include mouth sores, voice changes, and difficulty swallowing.
Early detection is crucial for effective treatment. Diagnostic methods include:
Physical Examination – Checking suspicious skin lesions or lumps.
Biopsy – A sample is taken from the affected tissue and examined microscopically.
Imaging Tests – CT scans, MRIs, or PET scans help detect tumor spread.
Endoscopy – Used for internal SCC (esophagus, bladder, lungs).
HPV Testing – For cervical and oral SCC.
Treatment varies based on the location and stage of SCC. Options include:
Excision – Removal of the tumor with surrounding healthy tissue.
Mohs Surgery – Layer-by-layer removal, used for skin SCC.
Lymph Node Dissection – Removes affected lymph nodes if cancer has spread.
High-energy beams target and kill cancer cells.
Often used when surgery isn’t possible or as an adjunct treatment.
Systemic treatment that destroys cancer cells throughout the body.
Used for advanced or metastatic SCC.
Drugs like cetuximab attack specific cancer cell proteins.
Effective for SCC of the head, neck, and lungs.
Helps the immune system recognize and destroy cancer cells.
Checkpoint inhibitors like pembrolizumab are used in advanced SCC cases.
Survival depends on the cancer’s location, stage, and treatment response:
Localized SCC – High survival rates if treated early.
Regional SCC (spread to lymph nodes) – Moderate survival rate.
Distant Metastasis – Lower survival rate, requiring aggressive treatment.
Cancer stage at diagnosis – Early-stage SCC has better outcomes.
Location – Skin SCC is often more treatable than lung or esophageal SCC.
Patient’s overall health – Stronger immune systems aid recovery.
While SCC cannot always be prevented, certain lifestyle changes can reduce risk:
Protect Against UV Exposure – Use sunscreen, wear protective clothing, and avoid tanning beds.
Quit Smoking and Limit Alcohol – Reduces risk of lung, throat, and esophageal SCC.
Get Vaccinated for HPV – Helps prevent cervical and oral SCC.
Maintain Regular Screenings – Pap smears, skin checks, and dental exams aid early detection.
Adopt a Healthy Diet – Eating fruits, vegetables, and whole grains supports overall health.
A diagnosis of SCC can be life-altering, but with proper management, many patients live fulfilling lives.
Emotional Support – Counseling and support groups help with mental health.
Follow-up Care – Regular check-ups prevent recurrence.
Skin Care – Sun protection and skin checks are crucial for skin SCC survivors.
Lifestyle Modifications – Smoking cessation, healthy eating, and exercise improve well-being.
Pain Management – Palliative care options help manage symptoms in advanced cases.