Skin cancer is the abnormal growth of skin cells, usually caused by excessive exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or tanning beds. It is one of the most common types of cancer and is classified into different types based on the cells it affects. The three primary types of skin cancer are melanoma, basal cell carcinoma (BCC), and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC).
Skin cancer develops when mutations occur in the DNA of skin cells, leading to uncontrolled cell growth. While some forms of skin cancer are slow-growing and rarely spread, others, like melanoma, can be aggressive and life-threatening. Early detection and proper treatment are crucial in improving survival rates and preventing complications.
Common but preventable – Skin cancer is one of the most common cancers but can often be prevented with sun protection.
UV exposure is the leading cause – Excessive exposure to UV rays significantly increases the risk.
Early detection improves outcomes – Regular skin checks can help detect cancer early.
Different types, different risks – While BCC and SCC are more common and less aggressive, melanoma is more dangerous.
The primary cause of skin cancer is prolonged exposure to UV radiation. However, other factors may also contribute to its development.
Common Risk Factors:
Sun exposure – The leading cause of all types of skin cancer.
Tanning beds – Artificial UV rays increase the risk significantly.
Fair skin – Less melanin means less protection from UV damage.
Family history – Genetic factors may play a role in skin cancer susceptibility.
Weakened immune system – People with weakened immune systems are at a higher risk.
Exposure to radiation or toxic chemicals – Increases the likelihood of developing skin cancer.
General signs of skin cancer include:
New or changing moles or skin growths
Persistent sores that don’t heal
Itchy, painful, or bleeding lesions
Abnormal skin discoloration or thickened patches
Melanoma is the most aggressive type of skin cancer that develops in melanocytes, the cells responsible for producing melanin (skin pigment). It can spread rapidly to other organs if not detected early.
Symptoms:
An unusual mole that changes in size, shape, or color
Asymmetry or irregular borders of a mole
Multiple colors within the same mole
Bleeding, itching, or ulceration of a mole
BCC is the most common type of skin cancer, arising from the basal cells in the outermost layer of the skin. It is slow-growing and rarely spreads but can cause significant local damage.
Symptoms:
A shiny, pearly bump on the skin
A sore that doesn’t heal
A red, scaly patch that may bleed
A waxy or scar-like growth
SCC develops in the squamous cells of the skin’s outer layer. It is more aggressive than BCC and can spread to other areas if untreated.
Symptoms:
A red, scaly patch that grows over time
A wart-like growth or sore that doesn’t heal
A rough, thickened, or crusty lesion
Early detection through regular skin examinations is crucial. Diagnostic methods include:
Skin biopsy – A sample of the suspicious lesion is analyzed.
Dermoscopy – A special magnifying tool helps examine skin lesions.
Imaging tests – CT scans or MRIs may be used to determine if cancer has spread.
Treatment depends on the type, size, and stage of the cancer.
Surgical Removal
Excisional surgery removes the tumor with some surrounding tissue.
Mohs surgery is used for BCC and SCC to preserve healthy skin.
Radiation Therapy
High-energy beams target and destroy cancer cells.
Used for cases where surgery is not an option.
Chemotherapy
Topical chemotherapy treats early-stage BCC and SCC.
Systemic chemotherapy is used for advanced melanoma.
Targeted Therapy
Drugs target specific cancerous mutations.
Used mainly for advanced melanoma.
Immunotherapy
Boosts the immune system to fight melanoma.
Includes drugs like checkpoint inhibitors.
Photodynamic Therapy (PDT)
Light-sensitive drugs are used to kill cancer cells.
Effective for superficial BCC.
The survival rate varies based on early detection and treatment effectiveness:
Melanoma (localized) – 5-year survival rate over 90%.
Melanoma (metastatic) – Drops below 20%.
BCC and SCC – Over 95% if treated early.
Stage at diagnosis – Earlier detection improves survival.
Location and size – Larger, deeper tumors are harder to treat.
Type of skin cancer – Melanoma has a worse prognosis.
Patient’s immune response – Strong immunity helps fight cancer.
Although skin cancer is highly preventable, taking proactive measures significantly reduces risk:
Use sunscreen daily – SPF 30+ with UVA/UVB protection.
Avoid peak sun hours – Seek shade between 10 AM – 4 PM.
Wear protective clothing – Hats, sunglasses, and long sleeves.
Regular skin checks – Monitor new or changing moles.
Avoid tanning beds – Artificial UV exposure is harmful.
Coping with skin cancer requires lifestyle adjustments and emotional support:
Regular dermatological check-ups – Monitor for recurrence.
Sun protection measures – Wear SPF 30+ sunscreen daily.
Healthy diet and hydration – Supports immune function.
Emotional support – Counseling or support groups.