Pancreatic cancer is a highly aggressive type of cancer that originates in the pancreas, an essential organ responsible for producing digestive enzymes and hormones like insulin. Due to its deep location in the abdomen, pancreatic cancer often goes undetected until it has advanced, making early diagnosis challenging.
Pancreatic cancer begins when abnormal cells in the pancreas grow uncontrollably, forming tumors. It can spread rapidly to nearby organs and distant parts of the body, making treatment complex.
Highly aggressive – Pancreatic cancer spreads quickly and is often detected in later stages.
Difficult to diagnose early – Symptoms usually appear when the cancer is advanced.
More common in older adults – Typically affects individuals over 60 years old.
Linked to lifestyle and genetic factors – Smoking, obesity, and family history are major risk factors.
The exact cause of pancreatic cancer is not fully understood, but several risk factors increase the likelihood of developing the disease.
Smoking – A significant risk factor, increasing chances by 2-3 times.
Diabetes – Long-term diabetes is associated with higher risk.
Chronic pancreatitis – Persistent inflammation of the pancreas may lead to cancer.
Obesity – Being overweight raises the risk.
Genetic predisposition – Family history and inherited genetic mutations contribute.
Exposure to chemicals – Certain chemicals in the workplace may increase risk.
Older age – Most cases occur in people over 60.
Early symptoms of pancreatic cancer are often vague, leading to late diagnosis.
Jaundice – Yellowing of the skin and eyes due to bile duct blockage.
Unexplained weight loss – A hallmark symptom of advanced cancer.
Abdominal pain – Especially in the upper abdomen, sometimes radiating to the back.
Loss of appetite – Reduced desire to eat.
Nausea and vomiting – Digestive issues due to tumor growth.
Dark urine and pale stools – Due to bile duct obstruction.
New onset diabetes – May be an early warning sign.
Pancreatic cancer is classified based on the type of cells involved.
Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma (Exocrine Cancer)
Most common type (over 90% of cases).
Develops in the ducts of the pancreas.
Neuroendocrine Tumors (Pancreatic NETs)
Arise from hormone-producing cells.
Can be benign or malignant.
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Rare and aggressive form of pancreatic cancer.
Acinar Cell Carcinoma
Develops in the enzyme-producing cells.
Pancreatic cancer is challenging to diagnose early, as symptoms appear in later stages.
CT Scan or MRI – Provides detailed images of the pancreas and nearby tissues.
Endoscopic Ultrasound (EUS) – Examines the pancreas using a thin tube.
Biopsy – A tissue sample is analyzed for cancer cells.
Blood Tests – CA 19-9, a tumor marker, may indicate cancer presence.
PET Scan – Helps detect the spread of cancer to other organs.
Treatment depends on the stage of cancer, overall health, and the spread of the disease.
Whipple Procedure (Pancreaticoduodenectomy) – Removes the tumor and surrounding tissues.
Distal Pancreatectomy – Removes the tail and body of the pancreas.
Total Pancreatectomy – Removes the entire pancreas (used in select cases).
Uses drugs to destroy cancer cells.
Often used before or after surgery or for advanced cases.
High-energy rays target cancer cells to shrink tumors.
Often combined with chemotherapy.
Uses drugs like erlotinib that specifically attack cancer cells.
Boosts the body’s immune system to fight cancer.
Used in cases with genetic mutations.
Focuses on symptom management and improving quality of life.
Includes pain relief, nutrition support, and psychological care.
Survival rates depend on the stage at diagnosis and other factors.
Localized cancer (early-stage) – 5-year survival rate of 40% if confined to the pancreas.
Regional spread (nearby tissues/lymph nodes) – 5-year survival rate drops to 10%.
Distant metastasis (spread to distant organs) – 5-year survival rate is less than 3%.
Tumor size and location – Larger tumors and those near blood vessels are harder to treat.
Cancer stage – Early detection improves prognosis.
Response to treatment – Some patients respond better to chemotherapy and radiation.
Overall health – Affects treatment options and recovery.
While pancreatic cancer cannot always be prevented, certain measures can reduce risk.
Quit smoking – Avoids one of the leading risk factors.
Maintain a healthy weight – Reduces the risk of obesity-related cancers.
Eat a balanced diet – High-fiber and antioxidant-rich foods support pancreatic health.
Limit alcohol consumption – Reduces pancreatic inflammation.
Manage diabetes and pancreatitis – Proper treatment lowers risk.
Regular health check-ups – Early detection improves outcomes.
Managing pancreatic cancer requires lifestyle adjustments and emotional support.
Follow-up care – Regular check-ups to monitor health.
Dietary changes – A balanced diet aids digestion and strength.
Pain management – Medications and therapies help alleviate discomfort.
Emotional support – Counseling and support groups provide psychological help.
Physical activity – Light exercise improves overall well-being.