Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL) is a type of cancer that originates in the lymphatic system, which is a vital part of the body’s immune system. NHL develops when lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell) grow uncontrollably, leading to the formation of tumors in lymph nodes and other organs. Unlike Hodgkin lymphoma, NHL lacks the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells, which distinguishes it as a separate disease.
NHL affects both B-cells and T-cells, which are essential components of the immune system. It can develop anywhere in the body, including the lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow, and digestive tract. The disease progresses at different rates, categorized as either indolent (slow-growing) or aggressive (fast-growing) forms.
Diverse disease – NHL includes various subtypes that behave differently.
Affects immune function – Lymphocytes, key immune cells, are impacted.
Can occur anywhere – Most commonly found in lymph nodes but can also involve other organs.
Classified into subtypes – B-cell lymphomas and T-cell lymphomas.
Varying progression rates – Some forms are slow-growing, while others spread rapidly.
The exact cause of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma remains unknown, but several factors may increase the risk.
Weakened immune system – People with autoimmune diseases or organ transplants are more susceptible.
Infections – Viruses such as Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), HIV, and Helicobacter pylori may contribute.
Age – Most cases occur in people over 60, but some aggressive types affect younger individuals.
Exposure to chemicals – Herbicides, pesticides, and industrial chemicals may increase risk.
Radiation exposure – Previous radiation therapy may elevate the risk.
Genetics – A family history of NHL can raise susceptibility.
Obesity – Being overweight may contribute to increased lymphoma risk.
Symptoms vary depending on the type and stage of NHL but often include:
Swollen lymph nodes – Painless lumps in the neck, armpits, or groin.
Persistent fatigue – Feeling unusually tired for extended periods.
Unexplained weight loss – Losing weight without changes in diet or exercise.
Fever and night sweats – Often occurring without an infection.
Abdominal pain or swelling – Can indicate lymph node enlargement.
Shortness of breath – Due to tumors pressing against the lungs.
Frequent infections – Weakened immune response.
Skin rashes or itching – May occur in some subtypes.
NHL consists of numerous subtypes, primarily classified into B-cell lymphomas and T-cell lymphomas.
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) – Fast-growing and aggressive.
Follicular lymphoma – Slow-growing but may become aggressive over time.
Mantle cell lymphoma – Rare but highly aggressive.
Burkitt lymphoma – Extremely fast-growing, common in children and young adults.
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma (CLL/SLL) – Slow-growing form of lymphoma.
Peripheral T-cell lymphoma – Includes several aggressive subtypes.
Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma – Affects the skin, including mycosis fungoides and Sézary syndrome.
Anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) – Can be systemic or limited to the skin.
Early detection of NHL can improve treatment outcomes. Various diagnostic tests help identify the disease.
Physical exam – Checking for swollen lymph nodes and spleen enlargement.
Blood tests – Evaluating white blood cell count and organ function.
Lymph node biopsy – A sample is examined to determine lymphoma type.
Imaging tests – CT scan, MRI, and PET scan help locate tumors.
Bone marrow biopsy – Determines if cancer has spread to the bone marrow.
Molecular and genetic tests – Identify specific lymphoma subtypes.
Treatment depends on the type, stage, and aggressiveness of NHL.
Primary treatment using drugs to destroy cancer cells.
Often combined with other therapies.
Uses monoclonal antibodies like Rituximab to target cancer cells.
High-energy rays shrink tumors or eliminate residual cancer cells.
Focuses on specific molecules to block cancer growth.
Examples: Bruton’s tyrosine kinase inhibitors.
Replaces damaged bone marrow with healthy stem cells.
Autologous (self-donated) or allogeneic (donor-based) transplants.
Genetically modifies T-cells to attack cancer cells.
Effective for aggressive lymphomas.
The prognosis of NHL varies based on factors such as age, type, stage, and overall health.
Early-stage (localized) – 5-year survival rate of 75-90%.
Intermediate-stage (regional spread) – 5-year survival rate of 60-70%.
Advanced-stage (metastatic spread) – 5-year survival rate drops to 50% or lower.
Type of NHL – Aggressive types may have lower survival rates.
Age and overall health – Younger patients often respond better to treatment.
Treatment response – Some lymphomas respond well to therapy.
Genetic mutations – Specific mutations influence outcomes.
While NHL cannot always be prevented, certain lifestyle choices may lower the risk.
Maintain a strong immune system – Avoid infections and manage chronic conditions.
Limit chemical exposure – Reduce contact with pesticides and industrial toxins.
Healthy diet and exercise – Supports overall well-being.
Quit smoking and alcohol moderation – Reduces immune system strain.
Regular medical check-ups – Early detection improves treatment success.
Coping with NHL involves physical, emotional, and lifestyle adjustments.
Regular follow-ups – Monitoring recurrence and treatment response.
Balanced diet – Nutritious food to strengthen immunity.
Exercise – Light physical activity improves overall well-being.
Mental health support – Therapy and support groups can help.
Managing side effects – Medications for nausea, fatigue, and pain relief.