Multiple myeloma is a type of blood cancer that affects plasma cells, which are a type of white blood cell responsible for producing antibodies. These cancerous plasma cells multiply uncontrollably in the bone marrow, leading to weakened bones, reduced immune function, and interference with blood cell production. Multiple myeloma is a rare but serious condition that often progresses gradually and requires medical intervention for management.
Multiple myeloma develops when abnormal plasma cells accumulate in the bone marrow, outcompeting healthy cells and producing excessive monoclonal proteins (M proteins). These proteins can cause organ damage, particularly in the kidneys, and increase the risk of infections, anemia, and bone fractures.
Cancer of plasma cells – Affects the blood and bone marrow.
Chronic and progressive – Symptoms develop over time and worsen if untreated.
Affects older adults – Most common in individuals over 60 years old.
Causes bone weakness – Leads to fractures and severe pain.
Linked to genetic and environmental factors – Exact cause remains unclear.
While the exact cause of multiple myeloma remains unknown, certain risk factors increase the likelihood of developing the disease.
Age – Most common in people over 60.
Gender – Slightly more prevalent in men.
Race – Higher incidence in African Americans.
Family history – A genetic predisposition may increase risk.
Obesity – Excess body weight may contribute to cancer development.
Radiation exposure – Prior exposure to radiation increases risk.
Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) – A precursor condition that can develop into multiple myeloma.
Early-stage multiple myeloma may not cause noticeable symptoms, but as the disease progresses, it presents several warning signs.
Bone pain – Especially in the spine, ribs, and pelvis.
Frequent infections – Weakened immune function due to low antibody production.
Fatigue and weakness – Caused by anemia and decreased red blood cell count.
Kidney problems – M proteins can lead to kidney damage and failure.
Unexplained weight loss – A sign of disease progression.
Hypercalcemia (high calcium levels) – Leads to nausea, confusion, and excessive thirst.
Multiple myeloma is classified based on its progression and impact on the body.
Smoldering Multiple Myeloma (SMM)
Early stage with no significant symptoms.
Requires monitoring but not immediate treatment.
Active Multiple Myeloma
Symptoms such as bone pain, anemia, and kidney dysfunction are present.
Requires immediate treatment.
Light Chain Multiple Myeloma
Characterized by abnormal production of light chains rather than full immunoglobulin molecules.
Can lead to kidney damage and amyloidosis.
Non-secretory Multiple Myeloma
Rare type where cancerous plasma cells do not produce detectable M proteins.
Difficult to diagnose due to the absence of typical protein markers.
Early detection is crucial for effective management. Several diagnostic procedures help confirm multiple myeloma.
Blood tests – Check for abnormal protein levels, calcium, and kidney function.
Urine tests – Detect Bence Jones proteins, an indicator of myeloma.
Bone marrow biopsy – Examines plasma cell activity in bone marrow.
Imaging tests (X-ray, MRI, CT scan, PET scan) – Identify bone damage and tumor presence.
Serum protein electrophoresis (SPEP) – Measures abnormal monoclonal protein levels in blood.
Treatment depends on the stage, severity, and overall health of the patient.
Chemotherapy
Uses drugs like bortezomib, lenalidomide, and dexamethasone to destroy cancer cells.
Stem Cell Transplant (Bone Marrow Transplant)
Replaces damaged bone marrow with healthy stem cells.
Offers long-term remission in eligible patients.
Targeted Therapy
Uses drugs that specifically attack cancerous plasma cells.
Examples include monoclonal antibodies like daratumumab.
Radiation Therapy
High-energy beams target and shrink tumors.
Used to relieve bone pain and prevent fractures.
Corticosteroids
Reduce inflammation and slow cancer progression.
Commonly used alongside chemotherapy.
Immunotherapy
Boosts the immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells.
Includes CAR-T cell therapy for advanced cases.
Survival rates depend on the stage at diagnosis and response to treatment.
Smoldering myeloma – High survival rate with regular monitoring.
Active myeloma (localized) – 5-year survival rate of 75% with treatment.
Advanced myeloma (metastatic) – 5-year survival rate drops to 50% or lower.
Early diagnosis and new treatment options have significantly improved survival outcomes.
There is no guaranteed way to prevent multiple myeloma, but certain measures may reduce risk.
Maintain a healthy weight – Reduces overall cancer risk.
Avoid exposure to harmful chemicals – Minimize contact with radiation and industrial toxins.
Healthy diet – Antioxidant-rich foods may help protect against cancer.
Regular check-ups – Early detection through blood tests and medical screenings.
Managing multiple myeloma requires lifestyle adjustments and ongoing medical care.
Regular follow-ups – Routine blood tests and imaging for monitoring.
Balanced diet – High in protein and fiber to support immune function.
Bone health management – Supplements like calcium and vitamin D.
Pain relief strategies – Medications and physical therapy.
Emotional support – Counseling and myeloma support groups.
Physical activity – Gentle exercises like walking and yoga improve well-being.