Liver cancer is a serious and life-threatening condition that starts in the liver, an essential organ responsible for detoxification, digestion, and metabolism. It occurs when abnormal cells in the liver grow uncontrollably, forming a tumor. This type of cancer is often aggressive and difficult to detect in its early stages, leading to a high mortality rate if not diagnosed and treated promptly.
Primary vs. Secondary Cancer – Liver cancer can be primary (originating in the liver) or secondary (spreading from another organ).
Most Common Type – Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most frequent form of liver cancer.
Difficult Early Detection – Symptoms often appear in advanced stages.
Linked to Liver Diseases – Chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and excessive alcohol consumption increase risk.
The exact cause of liver cancer remains unknown, but several risk factors increase the likelihood of developing the disease:
Chronic Hepatitis B and C Infections – Long-term infections can lead to liver damage and cancer.
Cirrhosis – Scarring of the liver from alcohol abuse or chronic infections.
Excessive Alcohol Consumption – Can damage liver cells and lead to cirrhosis.
Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) – Obesity and diabetes contribute to liver inflammation.
Aflatoxin Exposure – A toxin produced by fungi in improperly stored food.
Diabetes and Obesity – Increase the risk of developing liver cancer.
Family History – Genetic predisposition may play a role.
Smoking – Raises the risk of liver and other cancers.
Early liver cancer is often asymptomatic, but as it progresses, the following symptoms may appear:
Unexplained Weight Loss – Rapid and unintended weight loss.
Abdominal Pain and Swelling – Discomfort in the upper right side of the abdomen.
Jaundice – Yellowing of the skin and eyes due to bile buildup.
Loss of Appetite and Nausea – A common sign of liver dysfunction.
Fatigue and Weakness – Persistent tiredness despite adequate rest.
Dark Urine and Pale Stools – Due to bile duct obstruction.
Itchy Skin – Caused by liver dysfunction and toxin buildup.
Liver cancer is classified into different types based on the cells involved:
Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) – The most common form, originating in liver cells.
Cholangiocarcinoma (Bile Duct Cancer) – Develops in the bile ducts.
Hepatoblastoma – A rare childhood liver cancer.
Angiosarcoma and Hemangiosarcoma – Rare and aggressive cancers originating in liver blood vessels.
Early detection improves survival rates, and several diagnostic methods are available:
Blood Tests – Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) test to detect tumor markers.
Ultrasound – Initial imaging test to detect abnormalities.
CT Scan or MRI – Provides detailed imaging of the liver.
Liver Biopsy – A tissue sample confirms cancer diagnosis.
Liver Function Tests – Assess how well the liver is functioning.
Angiography – Examines blood flow in the liver.
Treatment depends on the stage of cancer, liver function, and overall health condition:
Liver Resection (Partial Hepatectomy) – Removes the affected liver portion.
Liver Transplantation – Replaces a diseased liver with a healthy donor liver.
Uses drugs that specifically attack cancer cells, such as Sorafenib.
Uses drugs to kill cancer cells, either orally or intravenously.
High-energy rays target and shrink tumors.
Boosts the immune system to recognize and fight cancer cells.
Focuses on improving the quality of life for advanced-stage patients.
Survival rates depend on the stage at diagnosis:
Localized (Early Stage) – 5-year survival rate of about 30%-60%.
Regional Spread – 5-year survival rate drops to 11%-30%.
Distant Metastasis – 5-year survival rate is less than 5%.
Preventive measures can reduce the risk of developing liver cancer:
Hepatitis B Vaccination – Reduces infection risk.
Limit Alcohol Consumption – Prevents liver damage.
Maintain a Healthy Weight – Reduces the risk of NAFLD.
Avoid Aflatoxins – Properly store food to prevent fungal contamination.
Regular Screenings – Essential for high-risk individuals.
Managing liver cancer requires lifestyle changes and emotional support:
Follow-up Care – Regular check-ups and monitoring.
Dietary Changes – A liver-friendly diet helps manage symptoms.
Physical Activity – Light exercise improves well-being.
Psychological Support – Counseling and support groups help cope with emotional stress.