Laryngeal cancer is a type of throat cancer that affects the larynx (voice box), which is responsible for producing sound and aiding in breathing and swallowing. This cancer typically develops in the squamous cells lining the larynx and can spread to nearby tissues if not treated early.
Laryngeal cancer occurs when abnormal cells grow uncontrollably in the larynx, forming tumors that can disrupt normal voice and breathing functions. It is often associated with smoking and alcohol consumption.
Affects the voice box (larynx) – Can impact speech and breathing.
More common in smokers – Tobacco use is a significant risk factor.
Early detection improves outcomes – Recognizing symptoms early enhances survival rates.
May require surgery, radiation, or chemotherapy – Treatment varies based on stage and spread.
Can spread to nearby lymph nodes and organs – Metastasis worsens prognosis.
While the exact cause is unknown, several risk factors increase the likelihood of developing laryngeal cancer.
Tobacco use – Smoking is the leading cause of laryngeal cancer.
Excessive alcohol consumption – Heavy drinking increases the risk.
HPV infection – Certain strains of HPV are linked to throat cancers.
Occupational exposure – Exposure to chemicals, asbestos, or dust.
Poor diet – Low consumption of fruits and vegetables.
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) – Chronic acid reflux can irritate the larynx.
Genetic predisposition – Family history of head and neck cancers.
Symptoms vary depending on the stage but often include:
Persistent hoarseness – Voice changes lasting more than two weeks.
Throat pain or discomfort – Long-lasting sore throat.
Difficulty swallowing (dysphagia) – Feeling like food is stuck.
Lump in the neck – Swollen lymph nodes.
Chronic cough – Sometimes with blood.
Ear pain – Unexplained earaches.
Unintentional weight loss – Common in advanced stages.
Laryngeal cancer is classified based on the area of the larynx affected:
Glottic cancer – Affects the vocal cords; most common type.
Supraglottic cancer – Occurs above the vocal cords.
Subglottic cancer – Develops below the vocal cords; rare.
Early diagnosis is crucial for effective treatment. Common diagnostic procedures include:
Physical examination – Checking for abnormalities in the throat.
Laryngoscopy – A flexible camera examines the larynx.
Biopsy – Tissue sample analysis confirms cancer.
Imaging tests (CT, MRI, PET scans) – Determines tumor size and spread.
Barium swallow test – Evaluates swallowing difficulties.
Treatment varies depending on the stage and location of the cancer.
Endoscopic resection – Tumor removal via a scope for early-stage cases.
Partial laryngectomy – Removes part of the larynx while preserving speech.
Total laryngectomy – Complete removal of the larynx; requires alternative speech methods.
High-energy radiation targets cancer cells.
Used for early-stage cancer or post-surgery to prevent recurrence.
Uses drugs to kill cancer cells.
Often combined with radiation for advanced stages.
Focuses on specific cancer cell proteins.
Drugs like cetuximab may be used in some cases.
Boosts the immune system to fight cancer.
Used in cases where standard treatments fail.
Survival rates depend on the stage at diagnosis and response to treatment.
Localized cancer (early stage) – 5-year survival rate of around 75%.
Regional spread (lymph nodes affected) – Survival rate drops to 50%.
Distant spread (metastatic cancer) – Survival rate is less than 30%.
While not all cases are preventable, certain lifestyle changes can reduce the risk.
Quit smoking and avoid tobacco – The most effective way to lower risk.
Limit alcohol consumption – Reduces throat irritation and damage.
Eat a healthy diet – Rich in fruits and vegetables.
Protect against HPV – Consider HPV vaccination.
Regular medical check-ups – Early detection improves survival chances.
Coping with laryngeal cancer involves lifestyle adjustments and emotional support.
Follow-up care – Regular monitoring for recurrence.
Speech therapy – Helps regain communication ability.
Nutritional support – Maintaining proper diet and hydration.
Emotional support – Counseling and support groups help manage stress.
Managing treatment side effects – Medications and lifestyle changes help reduce discomfort.