Glioblastoma, also known as glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), is an aggressive and fast-growing brain tumor that originates in the glial cells of the brain. It is the most common and deadliest form of primary brain cancer in adults. GBM can occur in any part of the brain but is most commonly found in the cerebral hemispheres.
Glioblastomas are classified as Grade IV astrocytomas, meaning they are highly malignant. They have a complex structure, with a mix of different cell types, making treatment challenging.
Highly aggressive and fast-growing
Most common malignant brain tumor in adults
Forms in the glial cells of the brain
Difficult to remove completely due to finger-like projections
Resistant to many standard cancer treatments
The exact cause of glioblastoma is not fully understood, but certain factors may increase the risk of developing this tumor.
Genetic mutations – Abnormal changes in genes like EGFR and PTEN are linked to GBM.
Age – More common in adults over 50 years old.
Gender – Slightly more common in men than women.
Radiation exposure – Previous exposure to high doses of radiation may increase risk.
Family history – Having a relative with glioblastoma may increase susceptibility.
Immune system disorders – Conditions affecting immune function may contribute.
Glioblastoma symptoms depend on the location and size of the tumor. Symptoms may appear gradually and worsen over time.
Persistent headaches – Often severe and worsening over time.
Seizures – Uncontrolled movements, twitching, or loss of consciousness.
Memory loss and cognitive decline – Difficulty in thinking, concentrating, and remembering things.
Personality and mood changes – Irritability, depression, or confusion.
Nausea and vomiting – Often due to increased pressure inside the skull.
Vision or speech problems – Blurred vision, difficulty speaking, or understanding words.
Weakness or numbness – Loss of strength or sensation in one part of the body.
Glioblastomas can be classified based on their origin and genetic characteristics.
Develops rapidly without evidence of a previous tumor.
Most common form, accounting for over 90% of cases.
Typically affects older adults.
Evolves from a lower-grade astrocytoma (Grade II or III gliomas).
Progresses over time to become more aggressive.
More commonly found in younger patients.
Doctors use several tests to confirm the presence of glioblastoma.
MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) – Provides detailed images of the brain.
CT Scan (Computed Tomography) – Helps detect abnormal masses in the brain.
Biopsy – A small tissue sample is removed and analyzed under a microscope.
Molecular testing – Identifies specific genetic mutations (e.g., MGMT methylation, IDH mutation) to guide treatment.
Glioblastoma is difficult to treat, and therapy focuses on slowing its progression and improving the patient’s quality of life.
Goal – Remove as much of the tumor as possible without damaging healthy brain tissue.
Challenges – Tumor spreads into surrounding tissues, making complete removal difficult.
Uses high-energy beams to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors.
Typically administered after surgery to target remaining cancer cells.
Temozolomide (TMZ) – Standard chemotherapy drug for glioblastoma.
Can be combined with radiation therapy for better outcomes.
Drugs like Bevacizumab (Avastin) help reduce tumor blood supply and slow growth.
A non-invasive therapy that uses electric fields to disrupt cancer cell division.
Research studies testing new drugs, immunotherapy, and experimental treatments for glioblastoma.
Glioblastoma has a poor prognosis due to its aggressive nature and resistance to treatment.
Average survival time – 12 to 18 months after diagnosis.
5-year survival rate – Less than 7%.
Better outcomes in younger patients and those with specific genetic markers (e.g., MGMT methylation).
Age and overall health – Younger patients tend to respond better to treatment.
Extent of tumor removal – More successful surgeries improve survival.
Response to therapy – Some genetic profiles respond better to treatment.
Access to advanced treatments – Participation in clinical trials may offer additional options.
Since glioblastoma’s exact cause is unknown, there is no guaranteed way to prevent it. However, some lifestyle choices may help lower overall cancer risk.
Avoid exposure to radiation – Limit unnecessary exposure to radiation sources.
Maintain a healthy lifestyle – Regular exercise, a balanced diet, and avoiding smoking/alcohol can support overall brain health.
Early detection of neurological symptoms – Prompt medical attention may help detect brain abnormalities earlier.
Coping with glioblastoma involves a multidisciplinary approach focusing on physical, emotional, and psychological well-being.
Regular medical follow-ups – Monitor tumor progression and adjust treatments.
Physical therapy – Helps maintain mobility and strength.
Speech and cognitive therapy – Supports communication and brain function.
Emotional support – Counseling, support groups, and therapy can help manage stress and anxiety.