Gallbladder cancer is a rare but aggressive type of cancer that begins in the gallbladder, a small organ located beneath the liver. The gallbladder stores bile, a digestive fluid produced by the liver. This cancer often goes undetected until it has reached an advanced stage because early symptoms are typically mild or absent.
Gallbladder cancer develops when abnormal cells in the gallbladder grow uncontrollably, forming a tumor. Over time, cancerous cells can spread to nearby tissues, lymph nodes, and other organs.
Rare but aggressive – It is an uncommon cancer but can spread quickly if not detected early.
Difficult to diagnose early – Symptoms often appear in advanced stages.
More common in older adults – Typically affects individuals over 65 years old.
Linked to gallstones and chronic inflammation – Gallstones are a major risk factor.
The exact cause of gallbladder cancer is unknown, but several risk factors increase the likelihood of developing the disease.
Gallstones – Chronic inflammation from gallstones may contribute to cancer development.
Gallbladder polyps – Some polyps can become cancerous over time.
Chronic gallbladder infections – Long-term inflammation increases risk.
Obesity – Excess body weight is linked to an increased risk.
Older age – Most cases occur in people over 65.
Female gender – Women are more likely to develop gallbladder cancer.
Ethnicity – Higher incidence in South American, Indian, and Native American populations.
Family history – Genetic predisposition may play a role.
Exposure to toxins – Workplace exposure to chemicals may increase risk.
Early symptoms of gallbladder cancer are often vague and mistaken for other conditions.
Abdominal pain – Particularly in the upper right side.
Jaundice – Yellowing of the skin and eyes due to bile duct blockage.
Unexplained weight loss – A common sign of advanced cancer.
Nausea and vomiting – Persistent digestive issues.
Loss of appetite – Decreased desire to eat.
Swelling in the abdomen – Caused by fluid buildup.
Dark urine and pale stools – Due to bile flow obstruction.
Gallbladder cancer is classified based on the type of cells involved.
Originates in the glandular cells lining the gallbladder.
Accounts for approximately 90% of cases.
Develops from the flat cells of the gallbladder lining.
Less common but aggressive.
A combination of adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma.
Rare and aggressive.
A rare type of neuroendocrine tumor.
Spreads quickly and is difficult to treat.
Gallbladder cancer is often detected incidentally during surgery for gallstones.
Ultrasound – Initial imaging test to detect abnormalities.
CT Scan or MRI – Provides detailed images of the gallbladder and nearby organs.
Endoscopic Ultrasound (EUS) – Uses a thin tube to examine the gallbladder.
Biopsy – A sample of tissue is examined for cancer cells.
Blood Tests – Elevated liver enzymes may indicate bile duct obstruction.
Treatment depends on the stage of cancer, overall health, and spread of the disease.
Cholecystectomy – Removal of the gallbladder (for early-stage cancer).
Radical surgery – Removal of nearby tissues, lymph nodes, and part of the liver if cancer has spread.
Uses drugs to destroy cancer cells.
Often used for advanced cases or after surgery.
High-energy beams target cancer cells.
Used to shrink tumors or relieve symptoms in later stages.
Focuses on specific molecules that help cancer grow.
Drugs like pembrolizumab may be used in some cases.
Focuses on symptom management and improving quality of life.
Includes pain relief, nutrition support, and psychological care.
Survival rates depend on the stage at diagnosis.
Localized cancer (early-stage) – 5-year survival rate of 60% if confined to the gallbladder.
Regional spread (nearby tissues/lymph nodes) – 5-year survival rate drops to 25%.
Distant metastasis (spread to distant organs) – 5-year survival rate is less than 5%.
Early detection is key – When caught early, treatment success improves significantly.
While gallbladder cancer cannot always be prevented, certain measures can reduce risk.
Maintain a healthy weight – Obesity increases risk.
Eat a balanced diet – High-fiber foods support digestive health.
Avoid smoking and alcohol – Reduces inflammation and genetic damage.
Treat gallbladder conditions promptly – Gallstones and infections should be managed early.
Regular health check-ups – Screening for those at high risk.
Managing gallbladder cancer requires lifestyle adjustments and emotional support.
Follow-up care – Regular check-ups to monitor health.
Dietary changes – A balanced diet aids digestion and strength.
Pain management – Medications and therapies help alleviate discomfort.
Emotional support – Counseling and support groups provide psychological help.
Physical activity – Light exercise improves overall well-being.