Endometrial cancer is a type of cancer that begins in the lining of the uterus (endometrium). It is the most common cancer affecting the female reproductive system and is often detected early due to abnormal vaginal bleeding.
Endometrial cancer occurs when cells in the endometrial lining grow uncontrollably, forming a tumor. If left untreated, the cancer can spread to other parts of the body, including the ovaries, fallopian tubes, bladder, and lungs.
Affects the uterus lining – The endometrium is the inner lining of the uterus.
Common in postmenopausal women – Most cases occur in women over 50.
Often detected early – Symptoms like abnormal vaginal bleeding aid early diagnosis.
Hormonal imbalances can increase risk – High estrogen levels contribute to its development.
Survival rates are high if diagnosed early – Timely treatment significantly improves prognosis.
The exact cause of endometrial cancer is unknown, but hormonal imbalances and genetic factors play a major role.
Age – More common in women over 50.
Obesity – Excess body fat increases estrogen levels, raising the risk.
Hormonal imbalance – High estrogen and low progesterone levels can stimulate abnormal cell growth.
Diabetes and high blood pressure – Associated with a higher incidence.
Family history – A close relative with endometrial or colorectal cancer increases risk.
Use of tamoxifen – A breast cancer drug that may slightly raise the risk.
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) – Causes hormonal imbalances that increase risk.
Never having been pregnant – Pregnancy reduces lifetime estrogen exposure.
Early menstruation or late menopause – Longer estrogen exposure increases risk.
Early symptoms make endometrial cancer more detectable and treatable compared to other cancers.
Abnormal vaginal bleeding – Especially postmenopausal bleeding.
Pelvic pain – Discomfort or cramping in the lower abdomen.
Pain during intercourse – Can indicate abnormal growths.
Unexplained weight loss – Can occur in advanced stages.
Unusual vaginal discharge – Watery or bloody discharge unrelated to menstruation.
There are two main types of endometrial cancer based on cell type and behavior.
Most common form – Accounts for about 80% of cases.
Slow-growing and detected early.
Linked to hormonal imbalances and obesity.
More aggressive and rare.
Includes serous carcinoma, clear cell carcinoma, and carcinosarcoma.
Not linked to estrogen exposure and has a poorer prognosis.
If symptoms suggest endometrial cancer, a doctor may recommend several diagnostic tests.
Pelvic examination – Checks for abnormalities in the uterus.
Transvaginal ultrasound – Uses sound waves to detect thickening of the endometrium.
Endometrial biopsy – A small tissue sample is examined for cancer cells.
Hysteroscopy – A thin tube with a camera inspects the uterus lining.
Dilation and curettage (D&C) – A more extensive tissue sample is taken for analysis.
Imaging tests (CT, MRI, PET scans) – Determines cancer spread.
Treatment depends on the cancer stage, overall health, and tumor type.
Hysterectomy – Removal of the uterus.
Salpingo-oophorectomy – Removal of the fallopian tubes and ovaries.
Lymph node dissection – Checks for cancer spread.
Uses high-energy rays to kill cancer cells.
Often used before or after surgery to prevent recurrence.
Used in cases with hormone-sensitive tumors.
Progestins and aromatase inhibitors lower estrogen levels.
Drug-based treatment for advanced or aggressive cancer.
Used when surgery or radiation isn’t effective.
Used for advanced-stage cancer.
Immunotherapy drugs (Pembrolizumab, Dostarlimab) help the immune system fight cancer.
Survival rates are higher when cancer is diagnosed early.
Localized cancer (confined to the uterus) – 5-year survival rate of 95%.
Regional spread (nearby organs or lymph nodes) – 5-year survival rate of 69%.
Distant spread (metastatic cancer) – 5-year survival rate of 17%.
Early detection is key – Screening and symptom awareness improve outcomes.
Cancer stage at diagnosis – Early detection leads to better survival rates.
Age and overall health – Younger and healthier patients respond better to treatment.
Cancer type and grade – Some types are more aggressive than others.
Treatment response – Effectiveness of surgery, chemotherapy, or radiation.
While not all cases are preventable, certain lifestyle changes can reduce the risk of endometrial cancer.
Maintain a healthy weight – Reduces estrogen-related risks.
Exercise regularly – Improves overall health and hormone regulation.
Manage diabetes and blood pressure – Helps prevent complications.
Healthy diet – Eat fiber-rich foods and avoid excessive processed foods.
Use birth control pills – Long-term use lowers endometrial cancer risk.
Get regular check-ups – Early detection of abnormal changes can prevent progression.
Coping with endometrial cancer involves physical, emotional, and lifestyle adjustments.
Follow-up care – Regular doctor visits to monitor recovery and recurrence.
Healthy diet and exercise – Helps with weight management and overall health.
Emotional support – Counseling and support groups can aid mental health.
Managing treatment side effects – Proper care can reduce discomfort from therapies.
Fertility considerations – Some women may need fertility preservation options before treatment.