Bladder cancer is a type of cancer that begins in the bladder, a hollow organ in the lower abdomen that stores urine. It is one of the most common cancers and primarily affects older adults. Early detection and treatment significantly improve outcomes.
Bladder cancer typically starts in the urothelial cells lining the inside of the bladder. These cells are also found in other parts of the urinary tract, meaning cancer can sometimes affect the kidneys and ureters as well.
Common in older adults – Most cases occur in people over 55.
High recurrence rate – Even after successful treatment, bladder cancer may return.
Early symptoms include blood in urine – This is often the first sign of the disease.
Smoking is a major risk factor – Tobacco use significantly increases the likelihood of bladder cancer.
Bladder cancer develops when cells in the bladder undergo genetic mutations, leading to uncontrolled growth.
Smoking – The leading cause of bladder cancer, as harmful chemicals pass into urine.
Chemical exposure – Industrial chemicals used in dye, rubber, leather, and paint industries increase risk.
Chronic bladder irritation – Long-term urinary infections, kidney stones, and use of catheters may contribute.
Age and gender – More common in older men than in women.
Family history – A genetic predisposition can elevate risk.
Radiation and chemotherapy – Previous cancer treatments may slightly raise the risk.
Bladder cancer symptoms may be mild at first but can become more severe over time.
Blood in urine (hematuria) – Urine may appear red, pink, or cola-colored.
Frequent urination – A need to urinate more often than usual.
Painful urination – Discomfort or burning sensation while urinating.
Pelvic or back pain – Typically in advanced stages.
Bladder cancer can be classified into different types based on cell growth and behavior.
The most common type (90% of cases).
Begins in the urothelial cells lining the bladder.
Can also affect the kidneys and ureters.
Accounts for about 5% of cases.
Develops due to chronic bladder irritation and infections.
Rare (about 1% of cases).
Originates in glandular cells of the bladder lining.
Highly aggressive but uncommon.
Develops from neuroendocrine cells.
Early detection plays a crucial role in effective treatment.
Urinalysis – Detects blood and abnormal cells in urine.
Cystoscopy – A thin tube with a camera is inserted into the bladder.
Biopsy – A tissue sample is taken for laboratory examination.
Imaging tests – CT scans, MRIs, and ultrasounds help determine the extent of cancer.
Treatment depends on the cancer’s stage, type, and overall patient health.
Transurethral Resection of Bladder Tumor (TURBT) – Used for early-stage cancers.
Partial or Radical Cystectomy – Partial removal of the bladder or complete removal with urinary diversion.
Used before or after surgery to kill cancer cells.
Can be delivered intravenously or directly into the bladder (intravesical therapy).
High-energy beams target and destroy cancer cells.
Often combined with chemotherapy.
Boosts the body’s immune response to fight cancer.
Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) is a common immunotherapy for early-stage bladder cancer.
Drugs that focus on specific genetic mutations in bladder cancer cells.
The prognosis for bladder cancer depends on the stage at diagnosis and how well it responds to treatment.
Stage 0 and Stage 1 – High survival rate (over 80%).
Stage 2 and Stage 3 – Moderately high but requires aggressive treatment.
Stage 4 – Lower survival rate as cancer spreads to distant organs.
Tumor grade – High-grade tumors are more aggressive.
Patient health – Overall fitness and response to treatment matter.
Treatment choice – Early and effective treatment improves survival.
Avoid tobacco use – The most effective way to lower bladder cancer risk.
Limit chemical exposure – Use protective gear if working with industrial chemicals.
Stay hydrated – Drinking plenty of fluids helps flush toxins from the bladder.
Maintain a healthy diet – Eating antioxidant-rich foods may reduce cancer risk.
Regular medical check-ups – Early detection through screenings is key.
Bladder cancer survivors need to manage their condition and take preventive steps to lower recurrence risk.
Regular follow-ups – Continuous monitoring ensures early detection of recurrence.
Quit smoking – Reduces the risk of bladder cancer returning.
Healthy diet and hydration – Supports recovery and overall well-being.
Bladder care after surgery – Learning to adapt to urinary diversion methods if necessary.