Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common type of skin cancer. It originates in the basal cells, which are found in the outermost layer of the skin (epidermis). BCC grows slowly and rarely spreads to other parts of the body, but it can cause significant damage if left untreated.
Basal cell carcinoma develops due to mutations in the DNA of basal cells, leading to uncontrolled cell growth. It is primarily caused by prolonged exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or tanning beds.
Most common skin cancer: BCC accounts for the majority of skin cancer cases.
Slow-growing: Unlike other skin cancers, it rarely spreads (metastasizes).
UV exposure is the primary cause: Sun exposure and tanning beds significantly increase risk.
Early detection is crucial: If left untreated, BCC can invade surrounding tissues and cause disfigurement.
The main cause of BCC is excessive UV radiation, which damages skin cells over time. However, other factors can contribute to its development.
Chronic sun exposure – Frequent exposure without protection increases risk.
Fair skin – Light-skinned individuals with less melanin are more susceptible.
Older age – BCC is more common in people over 50.
Family history – A genetic predisposition can play a role.
Weakened immune system – Conditions like organ transplants or immune disorders raise risk.
Exposure to harmful substances – Radiation therapy, arsenic exposure, and industrial chemicals may contribute.
History of skin cancer – Previous cases of BCC increase the likelihood of recurrence.
BCC can appear in different forms on the skin, making early detection important.
Shiny, pearly bump – A smooth, dome-shaped bump, often pink or translucent.
Open sore – A wound that bleeds, crusts over, and doesn’t heal.
Red, scaly patch – A flat lesion with a rough texture.
Scar-like area – A white, waxy, or sunken lesion that appears without an injury.
Dark lesion – A pigmented area that may resemble a mole.
There are several subtypes of BCC, each with unique characteristics.
Most common type.
Appears as a shiny, pink or flesh-colored bump.
May ulcerate and bleed over time.
Often appears as a red, scaly patch.
Common on the trunk and extremities.
Slow-growing and less invasive.
Hard, white, or scar-like in appearance.
More aggressive and may grow deep into tissues.
Dark-colored lesion that may resemble melanoma.
More common in individuals with darker skin tones.
A mix of basal cell and squamous cell carcinoma.
More aggressive and may have a higher chance of spreading.
Early detection through dermatological evaluation is key to effective treatment.
Physical examination – A dermatologist examines suspicious skin lesions.
Dermoscopy – A magnified skin analysis to identify abnormal features.
Skin biopsy – A sample of the affected area is removed and examined under a microscope.
Treatment depends on the size, location, and subtype of BCC.
The most common treatment.
The tumor and some surrounding healthy skin are removed.
Used for high-risk or recurrent cases.
Removes cancer layer by layer, preserving as much healthy tissue as possible.
Scraping away cancer cells followed by electrical cauterization.
Effective for small, low-risk tumors.
Freezing cancer cells with liquid nitrogen.
Used for small, superficial lesions.
Used when surgery is not an option.
Targets and destroys cancer cells with radiation.
Medications like imiquimod and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) may be used for superficial BCC.
Advanced cases may require drugs like vismodegib or sonidegib to block cancer growth.
Basal cell carcinoma has an excellent prognosis when detected and treated early.
High survival rate – Since BCC rarely metastasizes, the five-year survival rate is nearly 100% for localized cases.
Recurrent cases – While treatment is highly effective, individuals who have had BCC are at a higher risk of developing new skin cancers.
Advanced BCC – In rare cases where BCC becomes aggressive, targeted therapy and immunotherapy may improve outcomes.
Tumor size and depth – Larger or deeper tumors may require more extensive treatment.
Location – BCC on the face or ears may be harder to treat without cosmetic impact.
Treatment response – Most patients respond well to standard treatments.
Use sunscreen daily – Broad-spectrum SPF 30 or higher is essential.
Wear protective clothing – Hats, sunglasses, and long sleeves help reduce exposure.
Avoid peak sun hours – Limit sun exposure between 10 AM and 4 PM.
Regular skin checks – Self-examinations and dermatologist visits aid early detection.
Avoid tanning beds – UV exposure from artificial sources increases cancer risk.
Living with BCC involves regular monitoring, skin protection, and adopting healthy habits.
Routine skin checks – Regular self-examinations help detect new lesions early.
Follow-up visits – Dermatologist check-ups ensure any recurrence is caught early.
Sun protection – Wearing sunscreen, hats, and protective clothing reduces the risk of new skin cancers.
Healthy habits – A balanced diet and proper skincare promote overall well-being.
Emotional well-being – Support groups and counseling can help with the psychological impact of a cancer diagnosis.